Jim mattress mack mcingvale bet

What was the Mattress Mack bet?

Mattress Mack's record-breaking $75 million payout on a wager that the Houston Astros would win the World Series will cost Caesars and Penn Entertainment big. Jim “Mattress Mack” McIngvale placed $10 million on his beloved Houston Astros to win this year's World Series, across several wagers.

Did Mattress Mack win the bet?

“I won $75 million on that bet, gave back $73 million to the customers and the other $2 million was expenses.

Did Jim Mattress Mack McIngvale win his bet?

With McIngvale placing his bets throughout the regular season he was able to secure odds at roughly +750 through many different sportsbooks throughout the United States. The Astros overcame a 2-1 deficit over the Philadelphia Phillies and won the World Series, with Mattress Mack getting paid $75 million large.

Did Mattress Mack win $75 million?

Gambler 'Mattress Mack' wins $75m after betting on Astros to win World Series. Famed gambler Jim 'Mattress Mack' McIngvale is a diehard Houston Astros fan but he had even more reason to celebrate when his team won the World Series on Saturday night.

What is the biggest bet payout ever?

Texas furniture kingpin Jim McIngvale—better known as “Mattress Mack”—won $75 million on Saturday after his bet that the Houston Astros would win the World Series paid off, taking home what is believed to be the largest payout in legal sports betting history.

How much did Mattress Mack lose on his bet?

$9.2 million In the last two National Championships, the Houston furniture store owner has lost a whopping $9.2 million. "Mattress Mack" placed a cool $6.2 million on Alabama to defeat Georgia in the 2022 national title game and TCU to pull off the massive upset over Georgia on Monday night. $6.2M wagered on Alabama last year.

What's the biggest bet ever placed?

An American man, known as Mattress Mack, has won what's claimed to be the world's biggest-ever sports bet. The 71-year-old scooped a massive $75 million, which comes in at €75,026,250 in euros.

Did Mattress Mack lose his bet?

In the last two National Championships, the Houston furniture store owner has lost a whopping $9.2 million. "Mattress Mack" placed a cool $6.2 million on Alabama to defeat Georgia in the 2022 national title game and TCU to pull off the massive upset over Georgia on Monday night. $6.2M wagered on Alabama last year.

How to win a bet every day?

Promoted Stories

1. The favourite doesn't always win. ...
2. Don't just stick to one bookmaker – shop around. ...
3. The fewer selections, the better. ...
4. Avoid the temptation of odds-on prices. ...
5. Consider the less obvious markets. ...
6. Make sure you understand the markets. ...
7. Don't bet with your heart. ...
8. Pick your moment.

Who bet $2 million on the World Series?

Mattress Mack Mack added more futures bets on the Astros at 5/1 odds starting in July. He bet $2 million with BetMGM; $2 million with Barstool Sports, and $1 million each with Wynn, Unibet and Betfred. In total, Mattress Mack had $10 million on the line to win $75 million.

How much did Jim McIngvale win?

“Mattress Mack” Won an Astonishing $75 Million on World Series Bet. How the furniture store owner wrote the biggest sports betting success story in history.

Who has won the biggest bet in history?

An American man, known as Mattress Mack, has won what's claimed to be the world's biggest-ever sports bet. The 71-year-old scooped a massive $75 million, which comes in at €75,026,250 in euros.

Who lost the most money at a casino?

Watanabe indulged in a year-long gambling binge in Las Vegas in 2007, mostly at Caesar's Palace. He placed a stunning $835 million in bets and lost $127 million of it. According to reports, Watanabe's excruciating losing streak is the longest Las Vegas has ever witnessed and he was seen drunk during his sessions.

Who lost 9.5 million dollars?

Jim “Mattress Mack” McIngvale Jim “Mattress Mack” McIngvale, owner of Gallery Furniture, lost a record $9.5 million in a Super Bowl LVI bet, Chron.com reported. McIngvale, a regular participant in the world of sports gambling, placed a $4.5 million wager for the Cincinnati Bengals to win the Super Bowl last week.

How much money has Mattress Mack lost gambling?

In the last two National Championships, the Houston furniture store owner has lost a whopping $9.2 million. "Mattress Mack" placed a cool $6.2 million on Alabama to defeat Georgia in the 2022 national title game and TCU to pull off the massive upset over Georgia on Monday night. $6.2M wagered on Alabama last year.

Which bet is easiest to win?

What are the easiest bets to win?

• BTTS: BTTS bet demands the punters to predict if both teams will score a goal or not. ...
• Over/Under: This bet can work in your favor when you have chosen a smaller figure as reference. ...
• Double chance bet: In this bet, you win money when any two from the three outcomes are obtained.

What is the smartest way to bet?

Six tips for becoming a sharper sports bettor

1. 1Know your bet's break-even rate.
2. 2Shop around for the best price.
3. 3Know the value of a half-point, especially in NFL betting.
4. 4Avoid parlays, especially single-game parlays.
5. 5Place your bets early in the week, not at the last minute.
6. 6Focus on closing line value.

Who bet 3 million on World Series?

Jim McIngvale, founder of the Gallery Furniture chain and known as “Mattress Mack,” made wagers earlier this year including $3 million — at 10 to 1 odds — with Caesars in May that the Astros would win baseball's championship.

Who bet $10 million on Astros?

Jim "Mattress Mack" McIngvale of Houston has wagered a total of $10 million with numerous sportsbooks on an Astros victory. His bets include a $3 million wager made back in May with Caesars Sportsbook at 10-to-1 odds.

What is the highest bet ever placed?

An American man, known as Mattress Mack, has won what's claimed to be the world's biggest-ever sports bet. The 71-year-old scooped a massive $75 million, which comes in at €75,026,250 in euros.

Who was first to bet after flop?

the small blind player In all rounds after the flop, the small blind player acts first if they're still in the hand. If the small blind isn't involved in the hand after the flop, the next player to the left of the small blind starts the action.

Who is the luckiest gambler ever?

Anargyros Nicholas Karabourniotis (Greek: Ανάργυρος Καραβουρνιώτης, born November 1, 1950), commonly known as Archie Karas, is a Greek-American gambler, high roller, poker player, and pool shark famous for the largest and longest documented winning streak in casino gambling history, simply known as The Run, when he ...

What is the biggest bet ever won?

Texas furniture kingpin Jim McIngvale—better known as “Mattress Mack”—won $75 million on Saturday after his bet that the Houston Astros would win the World Series paid off, taking home what is believed to be the largest payout in legal sports betting history.

Who bet the largest on the 2022 Super Bowl?

Jim McIngvale, better known as “Mattress Mack,” said he drove 100 miles from Houston to cross the border into Louisiana on Thursday to make what's believed to be the largest mobile sports wager in U.S. history. The furniture store mogul bet $4.53 million on the Cincinnati Bengals to win Super Bowl LVI.

Has Mattress Mack ever won a big bet?

Topline. Texas furniture kingpin Jim McIngvale—better known as “Mattress Mack”—won $75 million on Saturday after his bet that the Houston Astros would win the World Series paid off, taking home what is believed to be the largest payout in legal sports betting history.

Who has the largest sports bets in history?

HOUSTON - Jim "Mattress Mack" McIngvale has collected the largest payout in sports betting history. On Thursday, Nov. 10, Mattress Mack was honored with a $30 million payout from Caesars Sportsbook.

How do I win a bet without losing?

Beginner's Methods Of Winning Bets Without Losing

1. Carry out Extensive Research. ...
2. Avoid Overconfidence. ...
3. Make use of a Handicapper. ...
4. Avoid Parlays.

How do I win a bet all the time?

How do you win at sports betting?

1. Set a Bankroll. This may be the most important step because if you don't know how much money you're comfortable losing, things could get out of hand. ...
2. Study, Study, Study. If you want to win on your own terms, it will take time. ...
3. Shopping Odds. ...
4. Don't Trust Touts.

How much did Mattress Mack refund?

He got back $25,000 and also had the good fortune of getting two free tickets to the World Series-clinching Game 6 in Houston.

Who won the biggest bet ever?

Texas furniture kingpin Jim McIngvale—better known as “Mattress Mack”—won $75 million on Saturday after his bet that the Houston Astros would win the World Series paid off, taking home what is believed to be the largest payout in legal sports betting history.

Who did Drake bet for?

Drake places $1.1 million bet on Chiefs over Bengals in AFC title game. Drake took to Instagram late Saturday night and posted a screenshot of a $1.1 million bet on Mahomes' Kansas City Chiefs to beat the Bengals in the AFC Championship Game.

Which country gambles the most?

Biggest Gambling Countries In The World

• Netherlands. Total Gambling Gross Win: $3 Billion. ...
• Russia. Total Gambling Gross Win: $4 Billion. ...
• Philippines. Total Gambling Gross Win: $5 Billion. ...
• Singapore. Total Gambling Gross Win: $6 Billion. ...
• Spain. Total Gambling Gross Win: $10 Billion. ...
• South Korea. ...
• France. ...
• Canada.

What is the biggest bet ever placed in a casino?

Buried Life: Roulette The boys put $125,000 on even money roulette bets and tried to roll it over 3 times, and ended up making the largest roulette bet in Vegas history of $250,000.

What is the biggest bet ever placed?

An American man, known as Mattress Mack, has won what's claimed to be the world's biggest-ever sports bet. The 71-year-old scooped a massive $75 million, which comes in at €75,026,250 in euros.

Who bet $1 million on Super Bowl 2022?

Drake Drake Bets More Than $1 Million on Rams to Win Super Bowl LVI – Billboard.

What is the Biggest bet Win Ever?

$75 million Topline. Texas furniture kingpin Jim McIngvale—better known as “Mattress Mack”—won $75 million on Saturday after his bet that the Houston Astros would win the World Series paid off, taking home what is believed to be the largest payout in legal sports betting history.

Can a gambler ever win?

Key Takeaways. Gambling is not a good alternative for earning extra cash. Each game you play at a casino has a statistical probability against you winning. Slot machine odds are some of the worst, ranging from a one-in-5,000 to one-in-about-34-million chance of winning the top prize when using the maximum coin play.

What is the biggest bet win ever?

Topline. Texas furniture kingpin Jim McIngvale—better known as “Mattress Mack”—won $75 million on Saturday after his bet that the Houston Astros would win the World Series paid off, taking home what is believed to be the largest payout in legal sports betting history.

What is the most money ever put on a bet?

(WXIX/Gray News) - Texas business mogul Jim McIngvale, known as the “Mattress Mack,” placed the biggest legal sports wager of all-time at $5 million on the Cincinnati Bengals moneyline (+170), according to Caesars Sportsbook.

Did Drake win his million dollar bet?

Drake's $1 Million World Cup Bet Is His Loss He put his money on Argentina winning, and Lionel Messi did indeed emerge victorious … just not as quickly as the rapper had hoped.

How much did Drake make on NFL bet?

The rapper cashed in over $2.27 million on bets from the Los Angeles Rams' Super Bowl LVI win over the Bengals last February.

Which country has no gambling?

Qatar is probably one of the most strict countries when it comes to gambling. Here, any type of gambling or betting is considered extremely illegal.

Which gender gambles more?

It's clear that men are more prone to gambling addiction than women. There are a few reasons why this might be the case: Men tend to be sports fans at a higher rate. Men are more likely to be die-hard sports fans, making them more likely to start betting on games.

What is the biggest bet payout in history?

The $30 million payout is reportedly the largest for a single sports bet in legalized wagering history. “What can we say? We just wrote the biggest check in sports betting history to Mattress Mack for $30,000,000,” Caesars Digital COO Ken Fuchs said in a statement.

Who won Biggest bet on Super Bowl?

Houston's Mattress Mack wagered $5 million on the Bengals to win their first Super Bowl in team history at the Caesars Sportsbook. The bet, which would return $8.5 million at +170 odds, is the largest bet ever placed on the Super Bowl at a regulated sportsbook in the United States.

Who is the king of gambling bets?

Floyd “Money” Mayweather is the king of gamblers, as well as the highest earning athlete in the world, and he's no stranger to placing huge bets on everything from football to basketball.

Are gamblers happy?

The results of analytic research also showed that the elderly who gambled recreationally were much happier, less depressed, and had higher self-reported health than non-gambling counterparts. More than that, the study found that the happiness level of the participants went up while they gambled.

What is the golden rule of gambling?

In layman's terms, “never gamble with money you can't afford to lose” – you never want to be in debt because of any issue related to gambling. This is the first rule for gamblers to have a good sense of money management.

What is the most common bet?

Soccer. The most popular sport in the world is soccer, so it is no surprise to discover that the game is the global sport betted upon most. According to betting and sports data analyst Sportradar, around 70% of all worldwide legal and illegal betting comes from wagering on soccer.

What is the biggest gambling win ever?

The Top 5 Biggest Casino Wins of All Time

1. MGM GRAND, LAS VEGAS: $20- $40 MILLION. ...
2. CAESAR, BORGATA AND TROPICANA CASINOS, ATLANTIC CITY: $15 MILLION. ...
3. MOUNTAINEER CASINO RACETRACK AND RESORT, CHESTER, WV: $3.7 MILLION. ...
4. FIFTY CASINO, LONDON: $1.6 MILLION. ...
5. MONTE CARLO, MONACO: 1 MILLION FRANCS.

What is the biggest bet won?

An American man, known as Mattress Mack, has won what's claimed to be the world's biggest-ever sports bet. The 71-year-old scooped a massive $75 million, which comes in at €75,026,250 in euros.

How much was the Quavo Drake bet?

How much money was on the line is unknown, although Quavo previously admitted both he and Drake have twice bet $50,000 on The Dawgs in the past. Watch the clip below to see who came out on top. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device.

How much did Drake bet on Drake?

He made that back and then some later in the month when he profited $184,000 off a $78,000 wager on Drake London to be the first receiver selected in the 2022 NFL draft.

Do Muslims gamble?

According to the Quran, Muslims are forbidden to gamble.

Do they have casinos in Russia?

Land-based casinos are legal in some areas and not others. Regions where there are specially designated areas for land-based casinos in Russia include the Primorye, Krasnodar, Altay, and Kaliningrad regions.

What are the 3 types of gamblers?

There are three common types of gambler, the professional gambler, the social gambler, and the problem gambler. Be aware that the problem gambler will often believe themselves to be, or pretend to be, a social or professional gambler.

What sports bet is most profitable?

Since most bettors in the US follow football passionately, it is often referred to as the most profitable sport. The more you follow a specific sport the more you know about their teams and the better chance you can have at predicting outcomes.

What is the biggest bet ever?

An American man, known as Mattress Mack, has won what's claimed to be the world's biggest-ever sports bet. The 71-year-old scooped a massive $75 million, which comes in at €75,026,250 in euros.

What is the personality of a gambler?

Certain personality characteristics. Being highly competitive, a workaholic, impulsive, restless or easily bored may increase your risk of compulsive gambling.

Why do I gamble until I lose?

Compulsive gambling is a behavioral disorder that alters the structure of the brain, and there may be many motivations to gamble. For many, gambling is a pleasant activity that serves as a distraction to the stresses of their daily lives, and they aren't too focused on whether they win or lose.

What is the 10% rule in gambling?

To recap, Tennessee sports betting companies must hold at least 10% of all betting handle they take. If they don't hit that mark at the end of each calendar year, they face fines of up to $25,000. The rule does not affect 2020 activity.

What is the most money a person has won in a casino?

A player known as 'young engineer', only 25 years old, played the slot machines at the Excalibur in Las Vegas. Here he won the jackpot of over $39.7 million.

What is the highest bet in the world?

An American man, known as Mattress Mack, has won what's claimed to be the world's biggest-ever sports bet. The 71-year-old scooped a massive $75 million, which comes in at €75,026,250 in euros.

How much did the guy bet to win 75 million?

$10 million Jim "Mattress Mack" McIngvale had $10 million worth of futures bets on the Astros to win the Fall Classic, which would win an estimated $75 million.

How much did Drake bet Beckham?

The bet with the biggest payout is on Beckham to score. Drake wagered $500,000 on Beckham to find the end zone with a potential payout of $1.075 million.

How much did Drake bet on Colby?

a $275,000 Drake surely had a close eye on the UFC 272 main event. The hip-hop artist and pop-culture icon placed a $275,000 bet on Jorge Masvidal to defeat Colby Covington in Saturday night's main event at T-Mobile arena in Las Vegas.

What is Drake's highest selling single?

Drake's done it again. The Canadian-born rapper appears to have the Midas touch when it comes to his career. The “Back to Back” hitmaker is now RIAA-certified as the highest-selling singles artist, putting him ahead of another talented musician.

How much money did Drake lose on bets?

MASTER THE ART OF BUSINESS GROWTH IN ANY ECONOMY. For example, Drake seems to like playing around with sports bets. According to Fight Sports, he lost $550,000 on a UFC 274 bet in May. Even more, this came after a $275,000 UFC bet loss back in March, when he put his money on Jorge Masvidal against Colby Covington.

Is crypto haram?

Scholars from the Sharia Review Bureau in Bahrain said in 2018 that investments in cryptocurrencies such as ether (ETH) and bitcoin are permitted under Sharia law and, therefore, halal.

Why is pork not halal?

The main reason pork is forbidden for Muslims is because it says in the Holy Quran that some food is allowed, while others are explicitly declared haram, which means forbidden. And pork is one of those forbidden foods.

Can you smoke in Russia?

There is a comprehensive ban on smoking in indoor workplaces, indoor public places, and public transport. The only exception to the ban is for long-distance passenger ships.

What is the biggest casino in Russia?

Russia's largest casino resort – the palatial Tigre de Cristal – featuring more than 600 gaming machines and over 60 casino tables, recently celebrated its Grand Opening in the Primorsky Kraigaming zone near Vladivostok.

What is the most addictive form of gambling?

electronic gambling games According to Help Guide, electronic gambling games may be the most addictive gambling games out there. Help Guide suggests that gamblers who play using electronic machines become problem gamblers almost three times earlier than those who stick with table games and racetrack gamblers.

Which sport is the easiest to win bet?

Basketball betting is the easiest way to make money, compared to other sports, basketball odds are the best. You could pick 10 overs/unders and already have 300 odds. Odds are what determine how much one can make from betting, and basketball provides the best value of all sports.

Who owns the most of bet?

It is owned by the CBS Entertainment Group unit of Paramount Global via BET Networks and has offices in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and was formerly headquartered in Washington, D.C. As of February 2015, approximately 88,255,000 American households (75.8% of households with television) receive the channel.

Are gamblers angry?

Statistical analysis of the results shows a higher level of anger in pathological gamblers than in controls, together with alterations in emotional processing. Severity of gambling behaviour positively correlates with alexithymia scores, state-anger and trait-anger.

Do banks check if you gamble?

When lenders conduct their affordability checks, they will look at your bank statements from the previous 3-6 months. This means that any gambling during this period will be seen by your potential lender. The primary concern of the lender is that you aren't getting yourself into debt by funding your gambling.

Do banks care if you gamble?

For the average bettor, gambling is done primarily for entertainment purposes. For them, gambling is not a problem behavior, and as such, is not likely to concern the lenders.

What every gambler should know?

10 Golden Rules About Gambling That Everyone Should Know

• Pick a Game That You Can Handle. ...
• Learn the Rules of the Sets You Want to Play. ...
• Play With Your Friends for Extra Fun. ...
• Pick Games That Do Not Cost Much. ...
• Allocate Time and Stick to the Schedule. ...
• Play Only in Trusted Casinos. ...
• Be Selective When Accepting Bonuses.

What happens if you win millions at a casino?

Often, winners have up to 90 days to decide whether they want a lump sum or annuity, though in some cases they are not given a disbursement option, and only a lump sum is offered. Casino winnings are taxed as ordinary income and can bump winners to a higher tax bracket.

What is the biggest win in online gambling history?

Absolutely Mad Million Mega Moolah The largest sum is 23.6 million dollars won by the Belgian at Napoleon Sports & Casino in April of 2021. It is a game adaptation of Alice in Wonderland. This version has 5 reels and 243 ways to win.

What is the most profitable way to bet?

Best Betting Strategies

• Early cashout in sports betting.
• Bet live on over 1.5 goals.
• Specialize in a league.
• What's a Money Race?
• Betting on a draw.
• Betting on late goals.
• Betting on cup games.
• Betting on live games.

How much bitcoin did Drake bet?

The musician placed a series of bets using Bitcoin worth C$1.6 million ($1.3 million) in total on Thursday, including C$600,000 to back the Los Angeles Rams triumphing over the Cincinnati Bengals. He also wagered C$500,000 each on Rams wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr.

How much did Drake bet on Jorge Masvidal?

$275,000 The Canadian rapper reportedly put down $275,000 on Jorge Masvidal to beat Colby Covington in their welterweight fight at UFC 272. Covington emerged victorious by unanimous decision.

Does Drake have a diamond album?

Drake's "God's Plan" was certified diamond in 2019. The rapper received a second diamond certification in 2020 as a featured artist on Travis Scott's "Sicko Mode," and a third in 2021 as a featured artist on Future's "Life Is Good." He added two more to his total in 2022 for "Hotline Bling" and "One Dance."

Who is the most streamed artist on Spotify?

Ed Sheeran is the most-followed artist on Spotify, while Ariana Grande is the most-followed female artist. Drake is the most-streamed artist of all time on Spotify, while Taylor Swift is the most-streamed female artist.

Is Drake still with Cash Money?

Cash Money Records is an American record label founded in 1991 by brothers Ronald "Slim" Williams and Bryan "Birdman" Williams. Distributed by Republic Records (formerly known as Universal Republic), the label has been home to a roster of mostly hip hop artists, including Lil Wayne, Drake, and Nicki Minaj.

Is Ethereum halal or haram?

Recognisable names like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Tether are all considered halal. "There is a desire amongst Muslim crypto investors to have a halal option, or at least have products informed by Islamic principles," Khan said.

Is Buying Bitcoin haram?

The Islamic Finance Guru believes that cryptocurrency is Sharia-compliant, in principle. According to their Sharia policy, they view crypto as a true currency, or as a digital asset. They also recommend that Muslim crypto traders check each crypto purchase or project individually to decide whether it's halal or haram.

Why are dogs haram?

Dogs in Islam, as they are in Rabbinic Judaism, are conventionally thought of as ritually impure. This idea taps into a long tradition that considers even the mere sight of a dog during prayer to have the power to nullify a pious Muslim's supplications.

Why can't Muslims touch dogs?

Traditionally, dogs are considered haram, or forbidden, in Islam as they are thought of as dirty. But while conservatives advocate complete avoidance, moderates simply say Muslims should not touch the animal's mucous membranes — such as the nose or mouth — which are considered especially impure.

Do Russians smoke a lot?

Smoking in Russia is definitely a thing. You can see people smoking on the streets all the time. If you look at the facts, that's hardly a surprise: according to smokefreeworld, nearly a third of Russia's adults smoke, making it one of the largest adult smoking populations in Europe.

Can you whistle in Russia?

It is considered proper to either invite the person outside in or to step outside to shake hands if parting. Whistling in a house would bring misfortune to that household (see origins below). It is considered taboo to give something that is broken or has a defect as a gift.

Is there casino in Ukraine?

The city of Kiev has the most casinos, as they offer a total of 18 facilities in all. They also offer a total of 36 types of slot machines to choose from for your gaming pleasure. If you are looking for the largest casino in Ukraine, then you will want to go to River Palace Entertainment Complex.

Is gambling illegal in St Petersburg?

Gambling in Russia is legal in four regional subject areas, and in 2009 was made illegal in all other areas of Russia.

What nationality gambles the most?

Which Countries Have the Highest Percentage of Gambling Population?

• Singapore. Around three-quarters of the population regularly play at casinos. ...
• Finland. Around two-thirds of the Finnish population gamble regularly, with the most popular form of gambling being the lottery. ...
• Australia. ...
• Ireland. ...
• The United Kingdom.

Which sport is most predictable?

Top 3 Easiest Predictable Sports

• 1) Soccer. The other term used for soccer is football. ...
• 2) Tennis. Tennis is one of the easiest sports to predict. ...
• 3) Basketball. It is the second most popular and easiest sport to predict. ...
• Conclusion. The above-mentioned few games are easy to predict.

Who is the richest woman on Bet365?

Coates set up the Bet365 Foundation in August 2012. In February 2016 it was renamed Denise Coates Foundation. It is a registered charity under English law and it donated £100 million to twenty UK charities as of 2014. In 2022 the charity donated £1 million to help families in Ukraine.

Are casinos laundering money?

Money laundering through casinos can happen in many forms. In some cases, dirty money is converted into chips, played with for a short while, then cashed out in the form of a check.

Can you buy a house with gambling winnings?

It's possible to get a mortgage based on gambling income, but you'll need a broker since most mortgage lenders would treat an application under these circumstances as high risk. Gambling income is often volatile, so it's easy to see where lender concerns stem from.